Data transformation is a technique that is used to convert the data from one form to another, typically to improve the normality of the data or to stabilize the variance. There are many techniques that can be used to transform data, including:
Square root transformation: This transformation is used to normalize data that is skewed to the right (positive skewness). To apply this transformation, you take the square root of each data point.
Log transformation: This transformation is used to normalize data that is skewed to the right (positive skewness) or has a long tail on the right side of the distribution. To apply this transformation, you take the natural log of each data point.
Box-Cox transformation: This transformation is a family of transformations that can be used to normalize data that is skewed to the right (positive skewness) or skewed to the left (negative skewness). To apply this transformation, you need to specify a parameter, lambda, which determines the type of transformation to be applied.
Yeo-Johnson transformation: This transformation is a variant of the Box-Cox transformation that can be used when the data contains negative values.
It's important to note that data transformation should be used with caution, as it can affect the interpretability of the results. It's always a good idea to check the normality of the data before and after the transformation to ensure that it has improved.